Routine Examination Of Urine OR Renal Function Test With Normal Finding

A. Physical Examination:-
Amount:  Normal urine output 800-2500 ml/day
Odour:    Normally "Pungent"
Color:     Normally "Straw color" due to urobilinogen, unchrome.
Appearance:        Clear & Transparent.
Specific Gravity:  1.010-1.020
Present Of  Sediment

B. Chemical Examination:-
PH:    Normally Urine Is Acidic ph: 4.5-6. It may be alkaline after high intake of meal   (Litmus paper test).
Protein ( mainly albumin):   Less then 200 mg/day       (Boiling / Heat Coagulation Test).
Glucose/Sugar :     Absent       ( Benedict Test ).
Ketone bodies:      Absent        (Rothera's Test ).
Bilirubin:   Absent       ( Nitric Acid Test / Foucher's Test ).
Urobilinogen: A small is present      ( Ehrlic's Aldehyde Test).
Bile Salt:   Absent      ( Hay's Surface Tension Test ).
Blood:       Absent      ( Orthotolidin Test)

C. Microscopic Examination:-
* Cells:-
            - RBC: Absent
            - Puss Cell ( Leucocytes):  0 - 2 HPF ( Male)
                                                     0 - 4 HPF ( Female)
            - Epithelial Cell; Occasional.
* Cast:-
           - Cellular Cast: Nill ( RBC Cast, WBC Cast, Epithelial Cast).
           - Granular Cast / Hyaline Cast : Nill
           - Fatty Cast, HB Cast, Bile Cast. Waxy Cast.
* Calcium Oxalate: Nill
* Triple Phosphate/ Amorphous: Nill
* Uric Acid: Nill
* Bacteria: Nill
* Mucous, Animal Parasite, Spermatozoa, may be found in various condition.